https://historyfuzz.com/articles daily 0.75 2025-07-31 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/577e3ab9725e25fb8efd7b08/1706412688645-J6H4QAIWS9T4TXP6TQGU/Untitled+design.png Articles https://historyfuzz.com/articles/astronomical-insights-in-faerie-lore monthly 0.5 2025-07-31 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/577e3ab9725e25fb8efd7b08/1597194515772-T5E5OOP2OYK7Q6PH8HAM/f.jpg Articles - Astronomical Insights in Faerie Lore Figure 01: Loch More and the Morven hill range in southern Caithness. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/577e3ab9725e25fb8efd7b08/1488208949783-L8SJNVK64O26MKUC2K84/image-asset.png Articles - Astronomical Insights in Faerie Lore Figure 02: Weydale Cottage, Olrig Hill, Weydale, Caithness. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/577e3ab9725e25fb8efd7b08/1597195136356-8A6296A04FJ0LP60X31G/DSC_0167-2.jpg Articles - Astronomical Insights in Faerie Lore Figure 3: Sysa Hillock is located at grid reference ND169647. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/577e3ab9725e25fb8efd7b08/1488306389992-TDFH0WJ1IU015ZCVKSKO/image-asset.jpeg Articles - Astronomical Insights in Faerie Lore Figure 4: Sysa overlooks the sea to the north and the Morven hill range to the south. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/577e3ab9725e25fb8efd7b08/1597195589512-BM9M7XN4H8AFPW0KT1AA/IMG_3354-2.jpg Articles - Astronomical Insights in Faerie Lore Figure 5: The group of four sheep on the bottom right are standing on the ancient healing well. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/577e3ab9725e25fb8efd7b08/1488240751693-COWXK3SS9R4E4AOEKFCG/image-asset.jpeg Articles - Astronomical Insights in Faerie Lore Figure 5. Illustration of a homestead on the hill of Olrig by H J, Graham, 1851, currently on display at the National Library of Australia, and this scene is representative of what Windy Ha' would have looked like. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/577e3ab9725e25fb8efd7b08/1488237240092-W1DPE5B23MTKGNDZLFYT/image-asset.jpeg Articles - Astronomical Insights in Faerie Lore Figure 7. The Pleiades constellation. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/577e3ab9725e25fb8efd7b08/1488249676193-4NM05VOB1NII16FMHBMD/image-asset.png Articles - Astronomical Insights in Faerie Lore Figure 8. The orange line follows the old hill road on which Peter the piper walked from his farm house, Windy Ha', to Sysa Hillock. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/577e3ab9725e25fb8efd7b08/1488258587956-87QCT0G2XDKZM49SNZWJ/image-asset.png Articles - Astronomical Insights in Faerie Lore Figure 9. From Sysa, Windy Ha is located about 38 degrees east of north following the alignment of the summer solstice rising sun in Caithness. https://historyfuzz.com/articles/rediscovering-colombias-moon-goddess-of-el-dorado monthly 0.5 2024-11-12 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/577e3ab9725e25fb8efd7b08/1580131506555-6VD4TZR0AJJ6PTLM1TDK/1024px-Pec%25CC%25A7as_do_museu_do_ouro_%25283326024913%2529.jpg Articles - Rediscovering Colombia's Moon Goddess Of El Dorado Figure 01. The Museo del Oro (Museum of Gold) in Bogotá, Colombia, has a collection of 55,000 gold artifacts, 6,000 of which are on display, including these two gold death masks. CC BY 2.0 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/577e3ab9725e25fb8efd7b08/1580125600076-QEKYU9HX2WBCH3AU4MT9/1010px-Mapa_del_Territorio_Muisca.svg.png Articles - Rediscovering Colombia's Moon Goddess Of El Dorado Figure 02. Yellow indicates the zaque’s land under patronage of the Sun god Sué worshiped at the Temple of the Sun in Sogamoso and green marks the zipa’s territory centered around the Temple of the Moon at Chia, and the sacred Laguna Guatavita. CC BY-SA 3.0 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/577e3ab9725e25fb8efd7b08/1579866819662-M7XJ9C5ARNQS245LWJID/1024px-Templo_del_sol.jpg Articles - Rediscovering Colombia's Moon Goddess Of El Dorado Figure 03. The reconstructed Temple of the Sun at the Archaeological Museum of Sogamoso, located at: 5°42’ 33.14”N. 72° 55' 25.18"W. CC BY 1.0 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/577e3ab9725e25fb8efd7b08/1582578766124-OILAIM9ESYIQR5N5TP0D/Chia_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg Articles - Rediscovering Colombia's Moon Goddess Of El Dorado Figure 04. Santander park is the historic center of Chia where the Muisca’s Temple of the Moon once stood at: 4° 51' 40.68"N 4° 51' 40.68"N. CC by 3.0. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/577e3ab9725e25fb8efd7b08/1580145200189-MPRGYUFIHWOGTGN8O0PO/La_Diosa_Chia_%2812053507405%29.jpg Articles - Rediscovering Colombia's Moon Goddess Of El Dorado Figure 05. Located in the vicinity of the old Temple of the Moon in Santander main park in the City of the Moon, Chia, this statue celebrates the triple moon goddess Chia who holds the new zipa in her arms atop a triangle mounted on three circular steps with three paths leading to the statue. Photograph by Juan Carlos Pachón, Bogotá, Colombia. CC BY-SA 2.0 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/577e3ab9725e25fb8efd7b08/1580324516624-VUZLRPDV1TYK0J58S3TY/Cojines_del_Zaque._Vista_actual_%25282015%2529.jpg Articles - Rediscovering Colombia's Moon Goddess Of El Dorado Figure 06. Located at located at: 5° 32′ 17.37″ N, 73° 22′ 9.88″ W, the Cojines del Zaque (Cushions of the Zaque) is an archeological site in the city of Tunja (Hunza) used by Muisca’s to worship the Sun god Sué and his wife Chía, the goddess of the moon. The two stones are aligned with an azimuth of 106° towards the midpoint between the summer solstice and Vernal equinox (cross quarter day). This alignment passes over the present-day San Francisco church to the sacred hill of Romiquira. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/577e3ab9725e25fb8efd7b08/1581097424043-PLVUP6ARO40990KDWM84/DSC_0790.JPG Articles - Rediscovering Colombia's Moon Goddess Of El Dorado Figure 07. The Sun was endowed with powers of fertilization which is represented by the gigantic phallic forms penetrating the arid fields of Villa de Leyva. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/577e3ab9725e25fb8efd7b08/1581090215508-2U0TD1BVXX871MAOICPO/DSC_0805.jpg Articles - Rediscovering Colombia's Moon Goddess Of El Dorado Figure 08. Located at: 5° 38′5 0.63″N 73° 33′ 31.41″W, the southern alignment of menhirs at El Infiernito follows a 91° - 271° axis targeting Morro Negro hill. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/577e3ab9725e25fb8efd7b08/1580260802203-3BBIY5RW9IHZNC90T3YF/DJI_0015_2.jpg Articles - Rediscovering Colombia's Moon Goddess Of El Dorado Figure 09. One of the most important ceremonial roads (calzadas) in the zipa’s southern territory was the Camino Real (Royal Road) which runs along the crest of the El Majuy Hill range, beginning on the Tíquiza Hill and terminating at the summit of El Majuy, at Cota, overlooking the zipa’s chief residence at Funza. The City of the Moon, Chia, is located through the gap in the hills to the left of center in this photograph. Drone photograph by Walter Payne. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/577e3ab9725e25fb8efd7b08/1581029921205-TJVPC5DB7SFT5T4LMBIJ/1280px-Coricancha_museum_marker_graphically_explaining_the_Inca_Wakas_and_Seqes_system.jpg Articles - Rediscovering Colombia's Moon Goddess Of El Dorado Figure 10. Marker graphically explaining the Inca huacas and ceque line system at the Coricanchamuseum in Cusco, Peru. CC by 2.0 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/577e3ab9725e25fb8efd7b08/1582034769453-BR047OXMQTYFTIKTPULB/Chia%2C+Colombia+Sun+Alignment+Ashley+Cowie.png Articles - Rediscovering Colombia's Moon Goddess Of El Dorado Figure 11. Chia, the City of the Moon, was laid out on a 113.6° - 293.6° axis in accordance with the solar solstice axis, therefore, enshrining the extreme northern and southern positions of the Sun’s annual cycle. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/577e3ab9725e25fb8efd7b08/1582146488520-D9Y8RRR8ZLK2LJ88GGPP/Lake+Guatavita+Solstice+Alignment.png Articles - Rediscovering Colombia's Moon Goddess Of El Dorado Figure 12. Recreation of Roberto Santos archaeoastronomical observation that from the main park in Chia on 21st June the solstice sun rises behind Lake Guatavita at 66.4° northeast. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/577e3ab9725e25fb8efd7b08/1580148377626-LN02DRGCVKCSIX7JDMPM/image-asset.jpeg Articles - Rediscovering Colombia's Moon Goddess Of El Dorado Figure 13. Description of Bochica are similar to the Inca Creator god Viracocha and to the Aztec god Quetzalcoatl. Monument to Bochica in Cuitiva, Boyacá department, Colombia. CC BY-SA 2.0 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/577e3ab9725e25fb8efd7b08/56543297-4c5e-408a-adff-cd19c46bf954/David%2BJuan%2BMorales%2BAshley%2BCowie%2BMuisca%2BTerritory.png Articles - Rediscovering Colombia's Moon Goddess Of El Dorado Figure 14. Reconstruction of the observations made of Juan David Morales and presented in his 2009 paper Archaeoastronomy in the Muisca Territory. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/577e3ab9725e25fb8efd7b08/1580223963936-PDIX8HP0SESVD9V0DCAR/800px-Goranchacha_El_hijo_del_Sol.jpg Articles - Rediscovering Colombia's Moon Goddess Of El Dorado Figure 15. This statue of Goranchacha was created by teacher Luis H. Rivas and is situated on the grounds of the Pedagogical and Technological University of Colombia. Standing three meters high, the mythical Sun god Goranchacha is represented with a sun-shaped mask preparing to throw a projectile to the east. CC BY-SA 3.0 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/577e3ab9725e25fb8efd7b08/1582116732229-7K3AI65KKSI949JW89A4/wpid-wp-1435622147910.jpg Articles - Rediscovering Colombia's Moon Goddess Of El Dorado Figure 16. Stone pillars and phallic rocks excavated at the Goranchacha Sun Temple in Tunja. Located: 5° 33′ 8.84″ N, 73° 21′ 27.76″ W. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/577e3ab9725e25fb8efd7b08/1582120736511-0YLVIWJQLLI86NPO2238/Screen+Shot+2020-02-19+at+8.53.39+AM.png Articles - Rediscovering Colombia's Moon Goddess Of El Dorado Figure 17. Aligned on a 45°-225° degree axis, reflecting the natural axis of the Andes mountains, architect Roberto Santos noted the Goranchacha Sun Temple in Tunja is 67.8 miles (109 kms) from the centre of the plaza in Chia, the site of the Temple of the Moon. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/577e3ab9725e25fb8efd7b08/1580822856345-OWDVQOUQDTBKXE6X215X/Salto_del_Tequendama_%28Cundinamarca_-_Colombia%29.jpg Articles - Rediscovering Colombia's Moon Goddess Of El Dorado Figure 18. The Tequendama falls, created in myth by the sun god Bochica, marks the southern extremes of the Muisca’s territories. 4° 34' 29.65"N. 74°17'35.92"W. CC by 2.0 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/577e3ab9725e25fb8efd7b08/1582045686818-G51KT2G71T7DKL0QXGMR/Tequendama+Bochica%27s+Staff+Alignment+Ashley+Cowie.png Articles - Rediscovering Colombia's Moon Goddess Of El Dorado Figure 19. Tequendama Falls, the Zipa’s residence at Funza and the centers of Cota and Chia are united in this foundational territorial alignment encapsulated in myth Bochica’s Staff. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/577e3ab9725e25fb8efd7b08/1582043013639-4M8IQIV4SUO49RBJ0P5K/Screen+Shot+2020-01-27+at+6.29.13+PM.png Articles - Rediscovering Colombia's Moon Goddess Of El Dorado Figure 20. The road from Chia main park to Cota follows the straight cartographic alignment along the foot of the hills while the Camino Real (Royal Road) follows the crest of the Tisquesa Hills separating the Tabio and Chia valleys. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/577e3ab9725e25fb8efd7b08/1582156628133-23LBDLNLUPODSH5BDNJS/Colombia+Moon+Map+Ashley+Cowie.png Articles - Rediscovering Colombia's Moon Goddess Of El Dorado Figure 21. The plazas of Tabio, Cota and Cajicá are all located 7.5 kms (4.66 miles) from the main park and Temple of the Moon in Chia, suggesting territorial arrangement practices based on a predetermined measurement unit. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/577e3ab9725e25fb8efd7b08/1582216496638-UBRB0BM1AU9RCVZQMRK4/Chia+to+Tabio+Alignment.png Articles - Rediscovering Colombia's Moon Goddess Of El Dorado Figure 22. The hilltop circled at the centre marks the geodetic alignment from Chia main park and Tabio plaza (red), and it represents a point of union for the indigenous territories of Chia, Tabio and Tenjo. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/577e3ab9725e25fb8efd7b08/1582325741466-ZV5TTX6UJCK6FJBGX29C/Chia+to+Tabio+Muisca+Alignment.png Articles - Rediscovering Colombia's Moon Goddess Of El Dorado Figure 23. The Camino Real (Royal Road) leads from the saddle shaped hill to the southwest where Majuy Hill overlooks the zipa’s residence at Funza. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/577e3ab9725e25fb8efd7b08/1570364703103-P5I3EHUDIG33FD9OPSMV/DSC_0299.jpg Articles - Rediscovering Colombia's Moon Goddess Of El Dorado Figure 24. Author investigating the 18 x 6 meter (20 x 60 ft) rectangular observing platform situated at the beginning of the Camino Real. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/577e3ab9725e25fb8efd7b08/1582326379276-AHRY12JMHE2EU2GC2F6L/Ashley+Cowie+Tabio+to+Chia+Muisca+Alignment.jpg Articles - Rediscovering Colombia's Moon Goddess Of El Dorado Figure 25. This saddle shaped hilltop is located to the north of Alto de la Cruz directly between Chia and Tabio overlooking two major agricultural valleys in the Bogotá savanna. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/577e3ab9725e25fb8efd7b08/1582327382717-J47BU44GY1QLS0MMMPUW/Chia+Alignment+Ashley+Cowie+Muisca+Archaeoastronomy.jpg Articles - Rediscovering Colombia's Moon Goddess Of El Dorado Figure 26. The alignment from the hilltop viewing station to Tabio, crosses Palo Verdes, (green woods), to the east of Tabio, a fertile agricultural centre in the Tenjo - Tabio valley. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/577e3ab9725e25fb8efd7b08/1582328662995-MVANMXYASDMH0GFLH8V7/Screen%2BShot%2B2020-02-20%2Bat%2B11.58.07%2BAM.jpg Articles - Rediscovering Colombia's Moon Goddess Of El Dorado Figure 27. Section showing a large triangular stone which appears to have been cut to fit into the bedrock. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/577e3ab9725e25fb8efd7b08/1582328740123-3CTOJC4YQ73KSZXFJ3X1/Screen%2BShot%2B2020-02-20%2Bat%2B11.57.50%2BAM.jpg Articles - Rediscovering Colombia's Moon Goddess Of El Dorado Figure 28. Close up of what appears to be triangular masonry cut to fit into the bedrock. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/577e3ab9725e25fb8efd7b08/1582218409626-EIT4B98D5LCJO2RJVTSI/IMG_2478.JPG Articles - Rediscovering Colombia's Moon Goddess Of El Dorado Figure 29. Two deep vertical parallel channels have been chiseled into the bedrock relieving what appears to be a head with two eyes and a nose wearing headgear. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/577e3ab9725e25fb8efd7b08/1582220197307-JMPIP4XGAXFCKV8H8WWU/IMG_2479.jpg Articles - Rediscovering Colombia's Moon Goddess Of El Dorado Figure 30. A large rectangular shaped section of rock was removed perhaps to better define the human form. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/577e3ab9725e25fb8efd7b08/1582328956027-YJGHAB6902N8Z9XPA6NN/IMG_2479.jpg Articles - Rediscovering Colombia's Moon Goddess Of El Dorado Figure 31. Deep grooves of horizontal chisel marks on the rock’s underside have been protected from weathering. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/577e3ab9725e25fb8efd7b08/1582322425858-JRX6XULFFXE296UVWEF4/Screen+Shot+2020-02-21+at+9.50.04+AM.png Articles - Rediscovering Colombia's Moon Goddess Of El Dorado Figure 32. Modern monument marking the territorial boundary of Chia, Tabio and Tenjo. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/577e3ab9725e25fb8efd7b08/1582322269682-MJ8V1M2GBL4U38H42UHS/Screen+Shot+2020-02-21+at+4.56.32+PM.png Articles - Rediscovering Colombia's Moon Goddess Of El Dorado Figure 33. The Colombian National Institute of Geography trig-point, or survey marker, is located on the orange and white cement base seen to the right of centre. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/577e3ab9725e25fb8efd7b08/1582219139213-UR7329LD9MYXQODRJC28/Screen+Shot+2020-02-20+at+11.52.09+AM.png Articles - Rediscovering Colombia's Moon Goddess Of El Dorado Figure 34. The 1939 Colombian National Institute of Geography survey marker is set directly on top of the Muisca cartographers mapping station. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/577e3ab9725e25fb8efd7b08/1582907722062-97BW3FX02XZBG92DVNUL/Muisca+water+basin+Ashley+Cowie.png Articles - Rediscovering Colombia's Moon Goddess Of El Dorado Figure 35. The 100 meter (328 ft) wide enclosed water basin has a 4-meter (13.2 ft) high wall surrounding it to keep the water in. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/577e3ab9725e25fb8efd7b08/1570462492702-TOETNKO7V5RPFUL06G9U/DSC_0884.JPG Articles - Rediscovering Colombia's Moon Goddess Of El Dorado Figure 36. The water basin is almost dry today but still holds enough water for animals to drink. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/577e3ab9725e25fb8efd7b08/1580346593095-JO8IPBYC39NH4RKDPQ10/DSC_0279.jpg Articles - Rediscovering Colombia's Moon Goddess Of El Dorado Figure 37. Left to right: Walter Payne, Lori Umberg, Noah Wendrich and Ashley Cowie during the 2019 surveying project. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/577e3ab9725e25fb8efd7b08/1580127280182-JPY1YVRCFLVTDVM4F8AZ/194A3557.jpg Articles - Rediscovering Colombia's Moon Goddess Of El Dorado Figure 38. Although caked in mud the tiny pregnant goddess was instantly identifiable as Chia, the Muisca’s goddess of the moon, governess of insemination, fertility and birth. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/577e3ab9725e25fb8efd7b08/1580307545428-L85SM2K3MFZW6EY54DPU/Screen+Shot+2020-01-29+at+9.17.51+AM.png Articles - Rediscovering Colombia's Moon Goddess Of El Dorado Figure 39. Cast in tumbaga alloy, including gold, silver and copper, with a silver leaf inlay, the artifact weighs 32 grams (1.3 oz) and measures 2 x 2 x .5 centimetres. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/577e3ab9725e25fb8efd7b08/1580302061769-6OAFIDOSBABBIM85DCUL/194A3554.jpg Articles - Rediscovering Colombia's Moon Goddess Of El Dorado Figure 40. The damaged section in the head was most probably caused by an air bubble trapped in the tumbaga mixture. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/577e3ab9725e25fb8efd7b08/1580303919708-401F1GLTW9FYE8NYZCWA/Toe.jpg Articles - Rediscovering Colombia's Moon Goddess Of El Dorado Figure 41. A tiny fleck of gold on the right foot further suggests that the tumbaga had not been mixed sufficiently. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/577e3ab9725e25fb8efd7b08/1580304233670-18DZJ6KI2ZI2A7YN8O53/Scores.jpg Articles - Rediscovering Colombia's Moon Goddess Of El Dorado Figure 42. Tiny horizontal scores on the sides of the statuette were made with exceptionally fine and sharp tools. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/577e3ab9725e25fb8efd7b08/1580304444577-KT22I91U38QL6IJRXWZZ/Belly.jpg Articles - Rediscovering Colombia's Moon Goddess Of El Dorado Figure 43. Horizontal scores on the sides of the statuette indicate the application of tiny sharp tools to have achieved the near-microscopic marks in the clay model. https://historyfuzz.com/articles/delineating-tiwanakus-mountain-meridian monthly 0.5 2024-11-12 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/577e3ab9725e25fb8efd7b08/1536244231547-CGO7CP56OVCQH6PGXB8G/1280px-Plein_Tiwanaku.jpg Articles - Delineating Tiwanaku's Mountain Meridian Figure 1. Kalasasaya ritual complex at Tiwanaku, constructed around 200 AD, is a prominent archaeological site and a designated UNESCO World Heritage Site. CC by-SA 3.0. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/577e3ab9725e25fb8efd7b08/1585016959021-DPI5ZC6BNE6PPQTGV2TR/Socha_Monolito_El_Fraile_-_Tiwanaku_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg Articles - Delineating Tiwanaku's Mountain Meridian Figure 2. Monolith with the Akapana pyramid in the background, possibly symbolizing the race of stone giants from Andean creation myths, a key element in pan-Andean mythology believed to have populated the world. CC By-SA 3.0 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/577e3ab9725e25fb8efd7b08/1536244148469-7GCXM93R05JK8TXBLUSJ/Screen+Shot+2018-06-28+at+9.17.22+PM.png Articles - Delineating Tiwanaku's Mountain Meridian Figure 3: Tiwanaku’s streets form a grid around a central plaza, which was the original farming settlement before urban expansion at the end of the 2nd century BCE. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/577e3ab9725e25fb8efd7b08/1536244337134-XCZKYFUZC7Q78RLMGCK6/Chra%CC%81m_Templete_semisubterra%CC%81neo_-_Tiwanaku_-_panoramio_%282%29.jpg Articles - Delineating Tiwanaku's Mountain Meridian Figure 5. Built around 200 BCE, the Semi-Subterranean Temple is the oldest ritual space at Tiwanaku. CC By-SA 3.0 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/577e3ab9725e25fb8efd7b08/1584839267062-B8I1ENIMSRPQ300YI35B/Kalasasaya2.jpg Articles - Delineating Tiwanaku's Mountain Meridian Figure 6. The Kalasasaya dates to between 200 BCE - 200 CE and is located to the north of the Akapana and west of the Semi-Subterranean Temple. CC By-SA 3.0. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/577e3ab9725e25fb8efd7b08/1536244453392-1OS31W1FNDUA40E3EW1B/Screen+Shot+2018-09-06+at+9.33.53+AM.png Articles - Delineating Tiwanaku's Mountain Meridian Figure 7: 1903 photograph of Tiwanaku’s ‘Gate of the Sun’ carved with an image of an Andean ruler or god holding two staffs, or lightening bolts. CC By-SA 3.0. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/577e3ab9725e25fb8efd7b08/1536249472135-8HBZQA7AFPQKUONPPGAN/800px-Akapana.jpg Articles - Delineating Tiwanaku's Mountain Meridian Figure 8. The seven-stepped Akapana pyramid, a monumental architectural tribute to the Sun, aligned with the cardinal directions. CC By 2.0. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/577e3ab9725e25fb8efd7b08/1536244584512-MLTP86DOKDXN7M568PHV/Screen+Shot+2018-09-06+at+9.35.41+AM.png Articles - Delineating Tiwanaku's Mountain Meridian Figure 9. These two 20 ton blocks lie to the north of the Akapana and display a stepped symbol reflecting the shape of the Chilla-Kimsa Chata mountain range in the south. The highest peak, “Kimsa Chata,” lies behind “Quena Chita” on the left. CC By-SA 3.0. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/577e3ab9725e25fb8efd7b08/1536244642217-NHTHHSOQQB15KGOCOC1E/1280px-Puma_Punku14.jpg Articles - Delineating Tiwanaku's Mountain Meridian Figure 10: The builders of Pumapunku created massive finely-cut polished blocks, the largest of witch is estimated to weigh about 131 metric tons, designed to be bonded using mortar free load-bearing joints. CC By-SA 3.0. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/577e3ab9725e25fb8efd7b08/1585010467714-0D698ASM56D8W486VIYG/Tiwanau%3AAkapana+december+solstice+sunrise+align.png Articles - Delineating Tiwanaku's Mountain Meridian Figure 11: From the centre of the Tiwanaku plaza, on the December solstice sunrise, the Sun was watched emerging from behind the Akapana pyramid at 114.7°. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/577e3ab9725e25fb8efd7b08/1585011711225-70QYDG4M1Z86YZOS8UWO/Tiwanaku+surveyors+circle.png Articles - Delineating Tiwanaku's Mountain Meridian Figure 12. The precise centers of the Kalasasaya platform, Tiwankau’s central plaza, the Akapana pyramid and Pumapunku platform all fall on the circumference of a circle. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/577e3ab9725e25fb8efd7b08/1585013560933-AHEOWUHCE7H2XKVXOTFV/Tiwanaku+Triangle.png Articles - Delineating Tiwanaku's Mountain Meridian Figure 13. Circling the triangle was a fundamental process in measurement and construction, marking the initial step in ad-triangulum geometry (building with the triangle). This approach not only served practical architectural purposes but also carried profound esoteric and symbolic significance. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/577e3ab9725e25fb8efd7b08/1585005170583-IVDRHTPAKXDVRCNHCM63/Nevados_de_Quimsachata_and_Guallatiri%2C_1990-00-00_SCN_0378.jpg Articles - Delineating Tiwanaku's Mountain Meridian Figure 16. Kimsa Chata or Kimsachata (Aymara and Quechua kimsa three, Pukina chata mountain, ”three mountains”, is a 8 km (5 mile) long volcanic complex on a north-south alignment along the border between Bolivia and Chile, overseeing Chungara Lake. CC By 3.0. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/577e3ab9725e25fb8efd7b08/1585007269919-NDEQY6RFQ5KOKO5K69EH/Ashley+Cowie+Bolivia+Meridian+.png Articles - Delineating Tiwanaku's Mountain Meridian Figure 18: The Kimsa Chata meridian was used to locate the Semi-Subterranean Temple, the Kalasasaya and the Akapana pyramid, all of which align with the peak of this mountain. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/577e3ab9725e25fb8efd7b08/1585008544591-XLKB1XDCCQFAM8EBMPH1/Ashley+Cowie+Bolivia+Indigenous+Prime+Meridian.png Articles - Delineating Tiwanaku's Mountain Meridian FIG 19: Looking south from Tiwanaku, Kimsa Chata is the highest mountain peak on the southern horizon, symbolic of the sun and rulership, and its meridian was used to locate and orient the Semi-Sunken temple, Kalasasaya's east wall and the center of the Akapana pyramid. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/577e3ab9725e25fb8efd7b08/1585005673408-XJPZSQN7U8FVANSZZVCB/800px-Wilancha_Wilaqala_21_de_junio_2011.jpg Articles - Delineating Tiwanaku's Mountain Meridian Figure 17. During the Willkakuti festival Aymara people make offerings and sacrifices to the Apus of Kimsa Chata. CC By-SA 3.0. https://historyfuzz.com/articles/squaring-and-levelling-britains-symbolic-kerb-stones monthly 0.5 2024-11-12 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/577e3ab9725e25fb8efd7b08/1477852271673-LA69YE3DP38P37J1IK4C/2013-02-02-12.03.10.jpg Articles - Squaring And Levelling Britain’s Symbolic Kerbstones https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/577e3ab9725e25fb8efd7b08/1477852269804-FH3FGRMFKEF0AP7Y6OBS/2013-07-06+13.12.10.jpg Articles - Squaring And Levelling Britain’s Symbolic Kerbstones https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/577e3ab9725e25fb8efd7b08/1477852272000-RFL8NPS2ETJTU9I1LOR7/2013-07-06+13.21.36.jpg Articles - Squaring And Levelling Britain’s Symbolic Kerbstones https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/577e3ab9725e25fb8efd7b08/1477852275832-9ANKUZPB9OEPQ4VHRA0O/2013-07-06+13.23.46.jpg Articles - Squaring And Levelling Britain’s Symbolic Kerbstones https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/577e3ab9725e25fb8efd7b08/1477852274706-ZA5I56Z2MK0LDQRXLD8A/2013-07-06+13.25.34.jpg Articles - Squaring And Levelling Britain’s Symbolic Kerbstones https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/577e3ab9725e25fb8efd7b08/1477852277271-PSH8ZS1LEJG2RT3JBC8D/2013-07-06+13.45.31.jpg Articles - Squaring And Levelling Britain’s Symbolic Kerbstones https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/577e3ab9725e25fb8efd7b08/1477852279149-74L2SU7260LDXTTHY9N6/2013-07-06+14.39.13.jpg Articles - Squaring And Levelling Britain’s Symbolic Kerbstones https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/577e3ab9725e25fb8efd7b08/1477852281742-9NSOWHEINDYLUMNJUOOO/2013-07-06+17.46.03.jpg Articles - Squaring And Levelling Britain’s Symbolic Kerbstones https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/577e3ab9725e25fb8efd7b08/1477852283992-OB98MWBPRA3J584LAIX8/2013-07-06+17.46.34.jpg Articles - Squaring And Levelling Britain’s Symbolic Kerbstones https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/577e3ab9725e25fb8efd7b08/1477852285646-3W195EC63CS4YM9PG6FM/2013-07-06+17.48.21.jpg Articles - Squaring And Levelling Britain’s Symbolic Kerbstones https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/577e3ab9725e25fb8efd7b08/1477852286664-0C5VM1Q0WSWEX8HXRLUM/2013-07-06+17.49.18.jpg Articles - Squaring And Levelling Britain’s Symbolic Kerbstones https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/577e3ab9725e25fb8efd7b08/1477852288985-2P1T6XYH587P41KU4LUM/2013-07-06+17.54.17.jpg Articles - Squaring And Levelling Britain’s Symbolic Kerbstones https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/577e3ab9725e25fb8efd7b08/1477852316207-JNWECTHC78EA4B2QAH1B/2013-07-08+16.47.52+copy.jpg Articles - Squaring And Levelling Britain’s Symbolic Kerbstones https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/577e3ab9725e25fb8efd7b08/1477852291163-RMQSN8HQV65MJ29ML99M/2013-07-08+16.48.12.jpg Articles - Squaring And Levelling Britain’s Symbolic Kerbstones https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/577e3ab9725e25fb8efd7b08/1477852295888-T9ZCZ84I1VQBTKQXDPKW/2013-07-08+16.48.41.jpg Articles - Squaring And Levelling Britain’s Symbolic Kerbstones https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/577e3ab9725e25fb8efd7b08/1477852298518-YIRLRO1DQ3XSK911DW1O/2013-07-08+16.48.50.jpg Articles - Squaring And Levelling Britain’s Symbolic Kerbstones https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/577e3ab9725e25fb8efd7b08/1477852301161-MRS4FCATG9ZQFEL6UEAS/2013-07-08+18.40.20.jpg Articles - Squaring And Levelling Britain’s Symbolic Kerbstones https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/577e3ab9725e25fb8efd7b08/1477852308936-03TVCZTA5L6U6TE8TWIE/2013-07-08+18.49.33.jpg Articles - Squaring And Levelling Britain’s Symbolic Kerbstones https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/577e3ab9725e25fb8efd7b08/1477852312070-3UGQ5ZTEFB5FM2GTH14Z/2013-07-08+19.19.37.jpg Articles - Squaring And Levelling Britain’s Symbolic Kerbstones https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/577e3ab9725e25fb8efd7b08/1477852315521-P3GM0KQ5U3LVZ6O92HL5/2013-07-08+19.20.10.jpg Articles - Squaring And Levelling Britain’s Symbolic Kerbstones https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/577e3ab9725e25fb8efd7b08/1477852318557-3HD2VMWWMQ9DREBV8BJ7/2013-07-08+19.20.57.jpg Articles - Squaring And Levelling Britain’s Symbolic Kerbstones https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/577e3ab9725e25fb8efd7b08/1477852318299-WX6GHVZM32UO003DX113/2013-07-08+19.22.01.jpg Articles - Squaring And Levelling Britain’s Symbolic Kerbstones https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/577e3ab9725e25fb8efd7b08/1477852323387-J5SXSMZYMSEA8AW2ROB1/2013-07-08+19.27.47.jpg Articles - Squaring And Levelling Britain’s Symbolic Kerbstones https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/577e3ab9725e25fb8efd7b08/1477852321003-P8EX7F84SJUGYHKN0HDH/2013-09-07+13.27.35.jpg Articles - Squaring And Levelling Britain’s Symbolic Kerbstones https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/577e3ab9725e25fb8efd7b08/1477852323372-1A1LBPMLB9UDZH8DAE91/2013-09-07+13.28.24.jpg Articles - Squaring And Levelling Britain’s Symbolic Kerbstones https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/577e3ab9725e25fb8efd7b08/1477852361474-PY3P9DFYOMFIGG7T896S/2013-09-07+13.28.33.jpg Articles - Squaring And Levelling Britain’s Symbolic Kerbstones https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/577e3ab9725e25fb8efd7b08/1477852324311-ZTEMJAJ2QO6KUWT61G40/2013-09-07+13.33.36.jpg Articles - Squaring And Levelling Britain’s Symbolic Kerbstones https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/577e3ab9725e25fb8efd7b08/20bf1f32-a005-41ad-83fe-b5fddc91d8c0/2013-07-08+19.22.01.jpg Articles - Squaring And Levelling Britain’s Symbolic Kerbstones - Make it stand out Figure 02. Demonstrating a fusion of symbols and initials, this kerb stone is located on the lower east side of Queen’s Park, in Shawlands, on the south side of Glasgow. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/577e3ab9725e25fb8efd7b08/af5ea104-c046-496c-879f-6c604f35afd0/image-asset.jpg Articles - Squaring And Levelling Britain’s Symbolic Kerbstones Figure 03. First map rendering of a section of Kensington and Earls Court in London, displaying the locations of individual inscribed kerbstones bearing the carved letter ‘H’. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/577e3ab9725e25fb8efd7b08/1477869351149-EJVOYDF8EP1M9SELHSGS/image-asset.jpeg Articles - Squaring And Levelling Britain’s Symbolic Kerbstones Figure 04. OS benchmark carved on a vertical wall at Morville school, Bridgnorth, Shropshire, England. CC 3.1. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/577e3ab9725e25fb8efd7b08/96f6c170-91d3-4c1c-867c-161ea84156cf/2013-09-07+13.28.24.jpg Articles - Squaring And Levelling Britain’s Symbolic Kerbstones - Make it stand out Figure 05. One of the 47 cross-marked kerbstones in London’s Soho Square. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/577e3ab9725e25fb8efd7b08/b7e69fe8-54c3-4a25-818d-340f2e5f7d8d/Ashley+Cowie.jpg Articles - Squaring And Levelling Britain’s Symbolic Kerbstones - Make it stand out Figure 06. Author examining a symbolic kerbstone inscription on University Avenue, in Glasgow’s westend. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/577e3ab9725e25fb8efd7b08/1564b063-282e-4a42-8f4c-c081b035edb8/2013-02-02-12.03.10.jpg Articles - Squaring And Levelling Britain’s Symbolic Kerbstones - Make it stand out Figure 07. Situated on a street corner on University Avenue in Glasgow, this arrow most probably represents a delineation mark. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/577e3ab9725e25fb8efd7b08/f78b46cd-00a2-479c-aaaf-3012fa73f1f3/1024px-Athenry_Priory_Arrowhead_as_Mason%27s_Mark_2009_09_03.jpg Articles - Squaring And Levelling Britain’s Symbolic Kerbstones - Make it stand out Figure 08. 13th century Mason's arrowhead-shaped mason's mark in Athenry Priory, Ireland. CC 3.1 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/577e3ab9725e25fb8efd7b08/1477875560656-ZQT0CU763NL0EXWSV49H/image-asset.jpeg Articles - Squaring And Levelling Britain’s Symbolic Kerbstones Figure 09. Lumper uppers chaining a 15 ton lump of rock before swinging it onto a trailer. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/577e3ab9725e25fb8efd7b08/1477879087613-ZG4H61DG4CO58JIL5ES5/image-asset.jpeg Articles - Squaring And Levelling Britain’s Symbolic Kerbstones Figure 10. Victorian scelper chipping a stone into form. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/577e3ab9725e25fb8efd7b08/6d502abc-459d-42f3-b7d5-7496a68887d7/2013-07-06+17.48.21.jpg Articles - Squaring And Levelling Britain’s Symbolic Kerbstones - Make it stand out Figure 11. This letter ‘T’ is located the on the south side of Queen’s Park, and represents the most common letter found on Glasgow’s symbolic kerbstones. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/577e3ab9725e25fb8efd7b08/529a3642-5cdd-4815-8e02-16a4ca44968f/2013-07-08+19.36.30.jpg Articles - Squaring And Levelling Britain’s Symbolic Kerbstones Figure 12. This ornate 'H.T.J.T.' configuration appears in Regent Park Square in Strathbungo, Glasgow. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/577e3ab9725e25fb8efd7b08/1477884193206-Y824PEAVM5UNNUBGEYO0/image-asset.png Articles - Squaring And Levelling Britain’s Symbolic Kerbstones Figure 13. Red dots indicate kerbstones inscribed with the letters J.H., which appear every 13 to 14 stones in Holmbank Avenue, off Kilmarnock Road, Glasgow. https://historyfuzz.com/articles/lost-meridian-of-the-khmer-kings monthly 0.5 2024-11-12 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/577e3ab9725e25fb8efd7b08/5502c2f1-a94e-4bb0-8feb-a3b103e01eb3/Angkor_Wat_Aerial_View_Siem_Reap_Cambodia_2011.jpg Articles - Lost Meridian of the Khmer Kings Figure 1.1. Aerial view of Angkor Wat, at Angkor, Cambodia, built for the king Suryavarman II in the early 12th century as his state temple and capital city. CC 3.1 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/577e3ab9725e25fb8efd7b08/1490157256480-X3NXZOECXSAAR9W769SM/Ankgor+Wat3.jpg Articles - Lost Meridian of the Khmer Kings Figure 1.2. Buddha busts lining the south entrance to the Bayon Temple complex. ©historyfuzz.com https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/577e3ab9725e25fb8efd7b08/1488507767474-UZ23NWKDKCEIKUF27GO1/image-asset.jpeg Articles - Lost Meridian of the Khmer Kings Figure 1.3. The mandala of Hinduism and Buddhism represents the universe. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/577e3ab9725e25fb8efd7b08/2647fe74-8943-4255-b4b2-3973c1e27448/angkor_wat_04.jpg Articles - Lost Meridian of the Khmer Kings Figure 1.4. Angkor Wat ground plan drawn by Timothy M Ciccone following Claude Jacques, Michael Freeman, and Jean Laur. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/577e3ab9725e25fb8efd7b08/1488508104653-RXIK3CYH2JJTSJC18YE6/image-asset.jpeg Articles - Lost Meridian of the Khmer Kings Figure 1.5. The concentric squares of the central 5 towers at Angkor Wat. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/577e3ab9725e25fb8efd7b08/6f0acd09-b8b4-4e2b-9c33-7cf62e57efb1/image-asset.jpg Articles - Lost Meridian of the Khmer Kings - Make it stand out 1.6. The centre tower at Angkor Wat represents Mount Meru in Hindu cosmology, the mythological residence of gods. ©historyfuzz.com https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/577e3ab9725e25fb8efd7b08/1488500117921-VU1AC2UKX54IYKZA2W2I/image-asset.png Articles - Lost Meridian of the Khmer Kings Figure 1.8. Detailed in the Sulbasutras, the first layer of a Vedic sacrificial altar is shaped like a falcon https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/577e3ab9725e25fb8efd7b08/5bcbce38-ebc2-481a-86da-9d2069a32a17/image-asset.jpg Articles - Lost Meridian of the Khmer Kings Figure 1.9. A rope stretched across the diagonal of a square produces an area double the size of the original square. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/577e3ab9725e25fb8efd7b08/65cd69c1-00f3-4ded-baef-d40b0b341033/Screenshot+2023-10-12+at+5.14.34+PM.png Articles - Lost Meridian of the Khmer Kings - Make it stand out Figure 2.0. Aerial photograph of the Angkor Wat complex showing the west entrance, where pilgrims access the site, and the central temple representing the fulcrum of creation, and enlightenment. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/577e3ab9725e25fb8efd7b08/88422b24-cf58-42ba-8f32-792c83521da7/image-asset.jpg Articles - Lost Meridian of the Khmer Kings - Make it stand out Figure 2.1. The seven-headed Naga protecting the west gate and access to the sacred walkway leading to the centre of the Angkor Wat religious complex. @historyfuzz.com https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/577e3ab9725e25fb8efd7b08/3a952ae4-9bbf-4dd2-bb78-48c16cee4693/image-asset.png Articles - Lost Meridian of the Khmer Kings - Make it stand out Figure 2.2. Professor Stencel’s diagram showing the progressional walkway leading from the outside world to the inner sanctum of the temple. @historyfuzz.com https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/577e3ab9725e25fb8efd7b08/be7b3e8e-fd04-4e18-91bb-3d5e9db58c85/image-asset-2.jpg Articles - Lost Meridian of the Khmer Kings - Make it stand out Figure 2.3. The five collosal towers of Angkor Wat, with the mythological Mount Meru represented at the centre. @historyfuzz.com https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/577e3ab9725e25fb8efd7b08/e9b3c0e2-36a8-4a41-b2a6-d8c02ffeaba7/image-asset-3.jpg Articles - Lost Meridian of the Khmer Kings - Make it stand out Figure 2.4. The Angkor Wat convergence point is located within God's Cave, beneath the mythical summits of Mount Meru. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/577e3ab9725e25fb8efd7b08/e8e7cd5e-9a1d-4272-a0b2-ca2aeac4a775/HF+Two.png Articles - Lost Meridian of the Khmer Kings - Make it stand out Figure 2.5. The central tower at Angkor Wat represents the mythological Mount Meru, but why this expression of Hindu cosmology located precisely where we find it? HistoryFuzz.com https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/577e3ab9725e25fb8efd7b08/4cfb2b25-d391-49c4-a3f3-aa07ef6ccf7e/image-asset-1.jpg Articles - Lost Meridian of the Khmer Kings - Make it stand out Figure 2.6. The west causeway leading to the central tower at Angkor Wat is lined with Naga serpents, a central creature of Hindu creation mythology. HistoryFuzz.com https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/577e3ab9725e25fb8efd7b08/35a54219-98c7-4b9a-b1b9-b8bc51d8642f/image-asset-2.jpg Articles - Lost Meridian of the Khmer Kings - Make it stand out Figure 2.7. Determining the cardinal points with a gnomon, and using circles to define the original square, is known as working the Indian Circle. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/577e3ab9725e25fb8efd7b08/a5a3eeaa-43b0-440c-ac71-468788590f89/image-asset-3.jpg Articles - Lost Meridian of the Khmer Kings - Make it stand out Figure 2.8. The sunrise on Angkor Wat during the equinox is such that someone standing in front of the western entrance on the equinox is able to see the sun rising directly over the central tower, representing Mount Meru. CC 3.1. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/577e3ab9725e25fb8efd7b08/de9ba977-b9bd-4dbf-97e3-957d50acf155/Fig-1-The-location-of-Preah-Khan-of-Kompong-Svay-approximately-100-km-east-of-the.png Articles - Lost Meridian of the Khmer Kings - Make it stand out Figure 2.9. Preah Khan of Kompong Svay temple and Angkor Wat are both situated on 13° 24' N latitude, yet 84.84 km [52.75 miles] distant. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/577e3ab9725e25fb8efd7b08/70875e11-f34c-4279-b9f9-474cc01c9b6c/image-asset.png Articles - Lost Meridian of the Khmer Kings - Make it stand out Figure 3.0. The west gate perhaps served as a summer solstice viewing platform, with the alignment to Phnom Bok hill defining the north-eastern corner of the religious complex. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/577e3ab9725e25fb8efd7b08/598248a8-44fa-4d5f-9f3d-bf0494a11977/ANGKOR%2BWAT%2BSUMMER%2BSOLSTICE%2BALIGNMENT-1.png Articles - Lost Meridian of the Khmer Kings - Make it stand out Figure 3.1. The summer solstice sunrise alignment from Angkor Wat’s west gate locates Phnom Bok hill to the north east. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/577e3ab9725e25fb8efd7b08/6dbc3514-597f-46b4-a659-59fce49a9bc9/Phnom_Bok5.jpg Articles - Lost Meridian of the Khmer Kings - Make it stand out Figure 3.2. Equinoxes and solar solstices could be observed on the horizons from inside the western entrance of Phnom Bok hill temple, which has a triple sanctuary dedicated to the Trimurti.CC 3.1 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/577e3ab9725e25fb8efd7b08/de8c36e6-995e-48d6-a8c9-1792d4eef605/1024px-Roulos_Group_-_005_Bakong_%288587796725%29.jpg Articles - Lost Meridian of the Khmer Kings - Make it stand out Figure 3.3. Bakong stepped pyramid, or temple mountain, marked the first state prime meridian. CC 3.1 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/577e3ab9725e25fb8efd7b08/7c640ef4-50d1-4319-95e0-350d9439d2eb/image-asset-1.png Articles - Lost Meridian of the Khmer Kings - Make it stand out Figure 3.4. Figure 4.4. Yasovarman I built the Lolei island temple at the centre of the Indrataka Baray, directly upon the earlier Bakong Temple meridian that was laid out by Indravarman I. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/577e3ab9725e25fb8efd7b08/c4561b02-0126-4e1b-a9cc-45c944d44cf4/image-asset-1-1.png Articles - Lost Meridian of the Khmer Kings - Make it stand out Figure 3.5. Rajendravarman II built Pre Rue temple on precisely the same meridian as the central axis of the East Baray. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/577e3ab9725e25fb8efd7b08/ee10da32-5af9-40fb-b63b-0da9a5ddcdfa/image-asset-2.png Articles - Lost Meridian of the Khmer Kings - Make it stand out Figure 3.6. As seen from the west gate of Angkor Wat the June solstice sun rises from behind Phnom Bok hill at an azimuth of 65.5°. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/577e3ab9725e25fb8efd7b08/7afe09ef-60d6-4e68-9813-5dc4a231cb37/Pnom%2BBok%2BTemple%2BAlignment%2Bcopy-1.png Articles - Lost Meridian of the Khmer Kings - Make it stand out Figure 3.7. Standing at Phnom Bok temple on the December solstice sun set, the sun was seen sinking behind Angkor Wat. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/577e3ab9725e25fb8efd7b08/dc86784b-0f72-4ff5-8c33-5361aea52470/image-asset-3.png Articles - Lost Meridian of the Khmer Kings - Make it stand out Figure 3.8. Phnom Dei hill-top temple is situated 14.5 kilometres north of Phnom Bok hill-top temple, on the same north-south axis (meridian). https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/577e3ab9725e25fb8efd7b08/9bd2b98f-5c8b-4c6b-8933-1bf05be7e69f/Rectangle.jpg Articles - Lost Meridian of the Khmer Kings - Make it stand out Figure 4.0. 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